I'm reading about $\:\mathrm{S_N1}$ and $\:\mathrm{S_N2}$ reaction mechanisms. 1° carbocations are unstable to the point of not having been observed in solution, ever. 2° are more stable, and 3° carbocations are the most stable.
I know that higher stability carbocations do also require less activation energy in their formation. Why is that? Why exactly are they more stable? And is this another way of saying they are also less reactive? Does this in turn mean they require a better nucleophile compared to less stable carbocations?
A small side question. How should I think about resonance structures? You don't view it as changing between the forms, spending more time being the more stable form, but rather as a seamless blend of the forms, with more characteristics of the more stable form, right?
Answer
One word: hyperconjugation! The more carbons bound to the carbocation, the more bonds can take part in hyperconjugation. This effect happens when a bond between two atoms donates electron density to the electron-deficient carbocation, making it more stable.
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