grammar - What are the grammatically valid sentence structures for Japanese?

This is a hard to explain question, but if someone found this board through stackoverflow (I guess that happened to many of us) he/she will understand better what I'm asking (moreover if once you had to make a compiler). Is there a list with all the valid Japanese syntactic structures? (well, I guess translators have to work with that, so it has to exist?)

For example, one structure ("rule") would be subject-wa-object-verb . And this would be useful to check if you are writting or saying rightly any sentence when you have doubts.

For example, a common question is, where can I add a word that refers to time? is there only one place? (today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.). What are the rules that prevent me from doing so? I.e. What is the set of syntax rules that inform me if a particular modification to the sentence is valid?

I know real languages are more complex than programming languages but yet maybe all these set of rules can be written and someone did.

Answer

          [programming] tag,  BNF
          fundamental rule(s) of a Japanese sentence

This (below) seems pretty good. If there's a similar version (rules for Jp sentence) in English, i'd like to see it.

From http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~shu-sato/nihonbun.htm:

日本語の文の構造

（１）　文　＝　（連用句）＋（体言句）＋　用言句

（２）　用言句　＝（連用句）＋
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　｛動詞　または
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　形容詞　または
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　形容動詞　または
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　［名詞句　＋（助詞）＋「だ」等の助動詞］｝
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　＋（助動詞）＋（終助詞）

（３）　体言句　＝　名詞句　＋（格助詞）＋（副助詞）

（４）　名詞句　＝　（連体句）＋
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　｛名詞　または
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　［文・用言句　＋（準体助詞）］

（５）　連用句　＝　｛副詞　または
　　　　　　　　　　　用言句（連用形）　または
　　　　　　　　　　　［文・用言句　＋（接続助詞）］｝
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　＋（副助詞）

（６）　連体句　＝　..................

---

Knowing these rules immediately helped me parse these sentences:

1. 
   

   そのモンスター撃退で経験値は何点来る？

   
   


2. 
   

   そのモンスター撃退で来る経験値は何点？

   
   

     （１）　文　＝　（連用句）＋（体言句）＋　[用言句]
   

   
   
   
   
   
   1. 
      

      _{（連用句）}( そのモンスター撃退で ) ＋ _{（体言句）}(経験値は) ＋_{（体言句）}(何点) ＋ _[用言句][来る]？

      
      
   
   
   2. 
      

      _{（体言句）}( そのモンスター撃退で来る経験値は ) ＋_{（体言句）}(何点)？ -- ( _[用言句] [ですか]? is probably omitted)