For solids where the compound contains defects, the stoichiometric equation deviates from the "pure" one. How are these compounds determined? I am looking in my chemistry book but I do not see anything on it. Are there some resources on this?
UPDATE:
After doing some thinking, I considered the Auger Electron Spectroscopy technique used to study the composition of surfaces in materials science. These , I believe, are typically used to study the amount of defects in materials. I do not know how this would be applied to the situation I described above though (as this is only applicable to surfaces). I will continue searching.
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