Wednesday, August 2, 2017

choshen mishpat civil law - Must one give notice?


The custom in the United States is that, whenever feasible, an at-will employee is given two weeks' notice when fired (except when fired for cause) and gives two weeks' notice when quitting a job. (Many jobs have longer or shorter customary notice periods, but two weeks is the general standard.)


Does halacha have anything to say about giving notice? Specifically, is there any requirement for an employer or employee to give advance notice? Under what circumstances, and how much notice?




Please exclude/ignore any considerations that arise as corollaries of, for example, "one must follow one's host country's laws" or "all contracts are entered into with local custom implicitly stipulated" or "it'd cause a chilul Hashem". I'm looking for original-to-halacha considerations specifically about giving notice, not considerations that are only because of secondary concerns.



Answer



The רמב"ם in הלכות שכירות פרק ט says that a worker can walk out in the middle of the day, as we are slaves to Hashem and cannot be enslaved by an employer.




א...אם התחיל הפועל במלאכה, וחזר בו בחצי היום--חוזר: שנאמר "כי לי בני ישראל, עבדים--עבדיי הם" (ויקרא כה,נה), ולא עבדים לעבדים.‏



The רמב"ם then goes on to describe the consequences of walking out:



ט וכיצד דין הפועל שחזר בו אחר שהתחיל--שמין לו מה שעשה, ונוטל. ואם קבלן הוא, שמין לו מה שעתיד לעשות: בין שהוזילו לו בעת ששכרן, בין לא הוזילו, בין שהוזלה המלאכה אחר כן, בין לא הוזלה--שמין לו מה שעתיד לעשות.‏



A worker who walked out of the job in the middle of the day gets paid for the amount of work he already did. (So he does not get punished/penalized for not finishing the job).


If, however, he is a Kablan (agreed to do the entire job), he gets the unfinished part of the job deducted from his salary; irrelevant of whether this is to his benefit or detriment.


The רמבם then goes on to give examples. (translations from here onwards copied from here.)




י כיצד: קיבל ממנו קמה לקצור בשתי סלעים, קצר חצייה והניח חצייה, בגד לארוג בשתי סלעים, ארג חצייו והניח חצייו--שמין להן מה שעתיד לעשות. אם היה שווה שישה דינרין--נותן לו שקל, או יגמרו את מלאכתן. ואם היה הנשאר יפה שני דינרין--אינו נותן להן אלא סלע, שהרי לא עשו אלא חצי מלאכה.‏



What is implied? A person agreed to harvest standing grain for two Selaim. He harvested half of the grain, but left half unharvested. Similarly, a person agreed to weave a garment for two Selaim. He wove half of the garment, but left half unwoven. If the remainder would cost six Dinarim to complete, the original contractor is paid a shekel or he is given the option of completing his work. If the remainder was worth only two Dinarim, the owner need not pay the contractor more than a Sela, because he did not perform more than half the work.



יא במה דברים אמורים, בדבר שאינו אבוד. אבל בדבר האבוד--כגון פשתנו לעלות מן המשרה, או ששכר חמור להביא חלילין למת או לכלה וכל כיוצא בהן--אחד פועל ואחד קבלן, אינו יכול לחזור בו אלא אם כן נאנס, כגון שחלה, או שמע שמת לו מת. ואם לא נאנס, וחזר בו--שוכר עליהן או מטען.‏



When does the above apply? With regard to work that does not involve an immediate loss.


If, however, the work involves an immediate loss - e.g., he hired the workers to remove flax from the vat, or he hired a donkey to bring flutes for a funeral or for a wedding or the like - neither a worker nor a contractor may retract unless he is held back by forces beyond his control -e.g., he became ill or a close relative died.


If the worker is not held back by forces beyond his control, and he retracts, the owner may hire others on their account or deceive them.




יב כיצד מטען: אומר להם סלע קצצתי לכם, בואו וטלו שתיים, עד שיגמרו מלאכתן; ולא ייתן להם אלא מה שפסק תחילה. ואפילו נתן להם השתיים, מחזיר מהן התוספת.‏



What is meant by deceiving them? He tells them: "I agreed to pay you a Sela; take two so that you will complete your work." Afterwards, he is not required to give them anything more than he originally agreed. Moreover, even if he gave them two, he can compel them to return the additional amount.



יג כיצד שוכר עליהן: שוכר פועלים אחרים, וגומרים מלאכתן שלא תאבד; וכל שיוסיף לאלו הפועלין האחרים על מה שפסק לראשונים, נוטל מן הראשונים. ועד כמה, עד כדי שכרן של ראשונים. ואם היה להם ממון תחת ידו--שוכר להשלים המלאכה עד ארבעים חמישים זוז בכל יום לכל פועל, אף על פי ששכר הפועל שלוש או ארבע. במה דברים אמורים, בזמן שאין שם פועלים לשכור בשכרן להשלים המלאכה. אבל אם יש שם פועלים לשכור בשכרן, ואמרו לו צא ושכור מאלו והשלם מלאכתך ולא תאבד--בין שוכר בין קבלן--אין לו עליהן אלא תרעומת; ושמין לשוכר מה שעשה, ולקבלן מה שעתיד לעשות.‏



What is meant by hiring others on their account? He hires other workers who complete their task so that he will not suffer a loss. Whatever he must add to pay these later workers beyond the amount the first workers agreed upon, he may take from the first workers.


To what extent are the first workers responsible? For their entire wage. Moreover, if they have property that is in the employer's possession, the employer can use that property to hire workers to complete their work until he pays each worker 40 or 50 Zuz a day although he originally hired the worker at three or four Zuz.


When does the above apply? When there are no workers available to hire at the wage to be paid the original workers. If, however, such workers are available and the original workers tell the employer: "Go out and hire from these to complete your work so that you will not suffer a loss," whether a worker or a contractor is involved, the employer has only complaints against them.



To determine the wage that should be paid, we follow these guidelines: For a worker, we calculate the work he already performed and for a contractor, we calculate the work that must be performed.


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