Monday, February 13, 2017

organic chemistry - Why Birch reduction of alkyne is E-selective?


From Organic Chemistry(Clayden, Greeves and Warren, 2nd edition), pp. 682:



Birch reduction of alkyne


The sodium donates an electron to the LUMO of the triple bond (one of the two orthogonal $\pi^\ast$ orbitals). The resulting radical anion can pick up a proton from the ammonia solution to give a vinyl radical. A second electron, supplied again by the sodium, gives an anion that can adopt the more stable trans geometry. A final proton quench by a second molecule of ammonia or by an added proton source (t-butanol is often used, as in the Birch reduction) forms the E alkene.



I have some questions on this reaction:



(1) Double bond on the vinyl anion blocks rotation, but how can anion adopts trans geometry between cis and trans without rotation?


(2) Why anion with trans geometry is more stable? If it is because of steric repulsion between $R^1$ and $R^2$, why electronic repulsion between lone pair and $R^1$ can be ignored?




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periodic trends - Comparing radii in lithium, beryllium, magnesium, aluminium and sodium ions

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