Tuesday, February 21, 2017

combustion - What is the oxidation mechanism of gunpowder?


I've been recently looking into fireworks and the chemistry of explosives, and I found out that, amongst others, one of the most important reactions in gunpowder ignition is the oxidation of charcoal and sulfur by $\mathrm{KNO_3(s)}$. I am curious as to whether it is known if this reaction occurs between charcoal/sulfur and solid state potassium nitrate or if the potassium nitrate decomposes first and the reaction occurs via gaseous oxygen as an intermediate.


Is there a general mechanism of oxidation between solid oxidizing salts and organic matter/sulfur? Does the same thing happen with $\mathrm{KClO_3(s)}$ or $\mathrm{KMnO_4(s)}$ for example?




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periodic trends - Comparing radii in lithium, beryllium, magnesium, aluminium and sodium ions

Apparently the of last four, $\ce{Mg^2+}$ is closest in radius to $\ce{Li+}$. Is this true, and if so, why would a whole larger shell ($\ce{...