I didn't grow up on "b'racha bees" and I know there's a lot I don't know, so I sometimes find myself in a situation where either I know there's a b'racha for something but I don't know it, or I don't know if there's a b'racha but it feels like there ought to be. Let's assume that I need to answer the question "in the moment" and can't wait to go consult a source first (thus, I'm not asking about food, which I can wait to eat, but about other kinds of b'rachot).
In that case, per the halacha should I:
Improvise something and use the b'racha formula, because it's better to thank HKBH properly than improperly?
Improvise something but not use the b'racha formula, to avoid a b'racha l'vateilah?
Say nothing but think thankful thoughts?
Something else?
And are the two cases different -- knowing the situation calls for a b'racha (but I don't know what it is), versus not knowing if the situation calls for a b'racha?
I will benefit most from sources I can read in English.
This question was prompted by this one.
Answer
Rambam Laws of Brachot 1:5
The text of all the blessings was ordained by Ezra and his court. It is not fit to alter it, to add to it, or to detract from it. Whoever alters the text of a blessing from that ordained by the Sages is making an error.
So "Improvise something and use the b'racha formula" seems to be out.
If you know the situation mandates a bracha and you know the proper text of the bracha but you don't know if in this particular situation you should make a bracha (i.e. you bump into the Prince of Liechtenstein and you don't know if you should say the bracha of seeing a king over him, so you know there is a bracha on seeing kings you just don't know if it applies to a prince) there seems to be a wide range of opinions with the suggested opinion being to say the bracha outloud but say the shemos mentally (warning machlokes alert !) Laws of Brachos - Binyamin Furst
If you don't know if a bracha should be made at all i.e (you are aboout o give charity and you don't know if there is a bracha to make - hint there's not !) I cant see why you can't thank hashem mentally or say words of praise.
In terms of your last question:
Mishna Brurah 202:84 quoting Gemara Brachot 35a writes that if one hasn't learned the halachot of Brachot one shouldn't just make Shehakol on a food one doesn't know the bracha for. Similarly, the Kitzur S"A 50:2 writes that it is appropriate to make Shehakol if one can't figure out what type of food it is or if it is a food about which there is an unresolved dispute in the poskim.
The laws of Brachot are very complex and it's not always possible to answer every nuance of the question so I suggest you read Rabbi Furst's book linked above.
I can't say I am 100% satisfied with the thoroughness of this answer so if you ask constructive questions I will try to get them answered or if you think the post should be removed I would also understand that.
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